Tolhopf: Stellarium

Johann Tolhopf (also spelt Tolhopff or Dolhopff, ?–1503)[1] German poet and astrologer-astronomer, visited Hungary in 1480 and dedicated his work Stellarium to Matthias Corvinus (King of Hungary 1458–1490, King of Bohemia 1469–1490).[2] In recognition of his merits, he was granted nobility by Matthias in a charter dated 20 October 1480 in Zagreb.[3]

Although a Vatican source of 21 February 1481 names him as King Matthias’ astrologer/astronomer (Mathiae regis Hungariae astrologus),[4] Tolhopf did not remain in Hungary, and in 1485 he was already in Rome.[5] (He presumably hoped for financial support from the Hungarian king, which he did not receive – this is indicated by the letter of Matthias mentioned in the second note, where he asks the University of Leipzig to continue paying Tolhopf’s salary, and by the fact that he rewarded him not with a benefice but with nobility.)

The manuscript is in fact an aid to the stellarium, an astronomical instrument created by Tolhopf to determine the position of the planets.[6] (The instrument itself, if it existed, did not survive.) The text is based on an earlier work by Tolhopf, De motibus celestium mobilium, which he presented to Pope Sixtus IV (r. 1471–1484) in Rome in 1475.[7]

The decoration of the manuscript, largely by Francesco da Castello of Milan, is stylistically in harmony with that of the Ptolemy and Trapezuntius corvinas.[9]

Stellarium is a unique manuscript. There is no full text edition or translation, only extracts have been published.[10]
(Márton Veszprémy)

 

The source of the data sheet below is the detailed description of the manuscript: ZSUPÁN, Edina, “Beschreibung der Corvinen der Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel”, in ZSUPÁN, Edina, Hrsg., unter Mitarbeit von HEITZMANN, Christian, Corvina Augusta. Die Handschriften des Königs Matthias Corvinus in der Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel. Ex Bibliotheca Corviniana. Supplementum Corvinianum 3. (Budapest: Bibliotheca Nationalis Hungariae, 2004.), 27–121., 60–71.

 

[1] His year of birth is not known (nor is it clear from his epitaph). CSAPODINÉ GÁRDONYI Klára, „Tolhopff János, Mátyás király csillagásza”, Magyar Könyvszemle 100. (1984) 1–2. sz., 333–340., 336., Note 14., CSAPODI-GÁRDONYI, Klára, „Die Wolfenbütteler Tolhopff-Corvine. Der Hofastronom Johannes Tolhopff und seine Handschrift für den ungarischen König Matthias Corvinus”, in MILDE, Wolfgang, SCHUDER, Werner, Hrsg., De captu lectoris. Wirkung des Buches im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert dargestellt an ausgewählten Handschriften und Drucken (Berlin ; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1988), 87–104., 92., SCHÖNER, Christoph, Mathematik und Astronomie an der Universität Ingolstadt im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert (Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1994.) 177., Note 75. His birth is usually dated around 1450, based on the year he began his university studies. CSAPODINÉ GÁRDONYI, „Tolhopff” 334., CSAPODI-GÁRDONYI, „Die Wolfenbütteler Tolhopff-Corvine” 89., ARNOLD, Klaus, „Vates Herculeus. Beiträge zur Biographie des Humanisten Janus Tolophus”, in FÜSSEL, Stephan, KNAPE, Joachim, Hrsg., Poesis et pictura. Studien zum Verhältnis von Text und Bild in Handschriften und alten Drucken. Festschrift für Dieter Wuttke zum 60. Geburtstag (Baden-Baden: Koerner, 1989), 131–155., 134., SCHÖNER, „Mathematik” 117., Note 75., WIGGER, Uta, „Zwei Kemnather Bürger an einer Zeitenwende”, in: NEUBAUER, Michael, Hrsg., Kemnath. 1000 Jahre … und mehr (Pressath: Bodner, 2008), 181–188., 183., ORBÁN Áron, „Johannes Tolhopf mitológiai-asztrológiai önreprezentációja”, in KASZA Péter, KISS Farkas Gábor, MOLNÁR Dávid, szerk., Scientiarum miscellanea. Latin nyelvű tudományos irodalom Magyarországon a 15–18. században. Convivia neolatina Hungarica 2. (Szeged: Lazi, 2017.), 75–84., 75.

[2] We know from Matthias’ letter of 3 May 1480 that Tolhopf was already in Buda (in his letter, the king asked the University of Leipzig to continue paying Tolhopf’s salary). CSAPODINÉ GÁRDONYI, „Tolhopff” 335. The astronomical examples of the manuscript are calculated for 6 May 1480. CSAPODI-GÁRDONYI, „Die Wolfenbütteler Tolhopff-Corvine” 94.

[3] Only a copy made in 1618 survives: DL 108112 Published in: AVAR Anton, szerk., A Hunyadiak címereslevelei, 1447–1489 ([Budapest]: Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára, 2018[!2019]), 202–209. (The description was written by Dávid Kálmán.) The symbolism of the coat-of-arms was analysed by Áron Orbán in his fascinating study. ORBÁN, „Johannes Tolhopf ”.

[4] SCHÖNER, „Mathematik” 173., Note 52.

[5]  THORNDIKE, Lynn, A History of Magic and Experimental Science, I–VIII. (London: Macmillan, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1923–1958) V. 406–407., Note 6., SCHÖNER, „Mathematik” 175.

[6] For details see: STANGLER, Gottfried [et al.], Red., Matthias Corvinus und die Renaissance in Ungarn 1458–1541, Katalog des NÖ Landesmuseums, N.F. 118. (Wien: [Amt der Niederösterreichischen Landesregierung], 1982), 341–342., ZSOLDOS Endre, ZSUPÁN Edina, „Stellarium – egy csillagászati kódex Mátyás könyvtárában”. Orpheus noster 5. (2013) 4. sz., 64–87., ZSOLDOS, Endre, „The Stellarium of Johannes Tolhopff”, in ZSUPÁN, Edina, Hrsg., unter Mitarbeit von HEITZMANN, Christian, Corvina Augusta. Die Handschriften des Königs Matthias Corvinus in der Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel. Ex Bibliotheca Corviniana. Supplementum Corvinianum 3. (Budapest: Bibliotheca Nationalis Hungariae, 2004.), 213–222., EKLER, Péter, ZSOLDOS, Endre, Astronomie in der Zeit von König Matthias. Johannes Regiomontanus in Ungarn, 1467–1471. Csillagászat Mátyás király korában. Johannes Regiomontanus Magyarországon, 1467–1471 (Budapest: MNL, cop. 2020) 62.

[7] CSAPODI-GÁRDONYI, „Die Wolfenbütteler Tolhopff-Corvine” 89., BARLAI Katalin, BORONKAI Ágnes, „Csillagászati kódexek a Corvina könyvtárban” Meteor Csillagászati Évkönyv (1996), 192–199., 193.

[8] ZSUPÁN, Edina, “Beschreibung der Corvinen der Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel”, in ZSUPÁN, Hrsg., Corvina Augusta, 27–121., 63.

[9] A Corvina könyvtár budai műhelye. [Országos Széchényi Könyvtár, 2018. november 6 – 2019. február 9.] Kiállítási kalauz. The Corvina Library and the Buda Workshop [National Széchényi Library, 6 November, 2018 – 9 February, 2019] A Guide to the Exhibition (Budapest: OSZK, 2018) 88.

[10] RUMY Károly György, „Auszüge aus den Handschriften der Corvinischen Ofner Bibliothek, die sich jetzt in der Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel befinden, besonders in Hinsicht der Verdienste des ungarischen Königs Matthias Corvinus um die Beförderung der Wissenschaften in seinem Zeitalter”, Zeitschrift von und für Ungern zur Beförderung der vaterländischen Geschichte, Erdkunde und Literatur, 3, März, (1804), 162–168.; ABEL, Eugenius, Analecta nova ad historiam renascentium in Hungaria litterarum spectantia. HEGEDŰS, Stephanus, ed. (Budapest: MTA, 1903), 452–454.; EKLER, Péter, ZSOLDOS, Endre, „The Introduction to Stellarium, by Johannes Tolhopff: Text and Translation” Studia Bibliographica Posoniensia (2021) 164–174.

 

DATA SHEET

Shelfmark: Cod. Guelf. 84.1. Aug. 2°
Country: Germany
City: Wolfenbüttel
Keeper location: Herzog August Bibliothek
Digitized corvina: at the keeper location
Author: Johann Tolhopf (?–1503)
Content: Stellarium
Writing medium: parchment
Number of sheets: IV + 31
Sheet size: 277 × 190 mm
Date of writing: 1480
Illuminator: Francesco da Castello
Place of illumination: Buda
Date of illumination: 1480-as évek
Crest: coat-of-arms of Matthias Corvinus (King of Hungary 1458–1490, King of Bohemia 1469–1490) as King of Hungary and Bohemia with the Hunyadi raven in the inescutcheon
Possessor, provenience: the manuscript was written for Matthias Corvinus; after his death, the volume probably passed into the possession of his son and intended successor, John Corvinus (1473–1504), and from him to his widow, Beatrice de Frangepan (1480–1510); it is thought to have come into the library of Ansbach through her second husband, George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1484–1543); the volume was presented on 16 June 1618 by Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach (1563–1639) to her nephew, Augustus II, Duke of Brunswick (r. 1635–1666), it was probably had the first corvina in his possession (the gift is documented in a manuscript entry by Duke Augustus)
Binding: original velvet binding, gilded edge
Language of corvina: Latin